δεν έδωσαν στον Ρότζερς ρέιμοντ άλλο κομμάτι,συνέκρινε το κομάτι της ομάδας του1978 που είχε
πάρει ό εγκληματολόγος Max Frei με το κομάτι τής έρευνας-1988
εδω τι λέει
"1. Introduction
The Shroud of Turin is a large piece of linen that shows the
faint image of a man on its surface. Many people believe it is
the burial cloth of Jesus, making it extremely controversial.
Radiocarbon ages were determined in 1988 [1], which should
have settled controversies as to the age of the linen. The 1988
radiocarbon age determinations were the best that could have
been obtained. Sample preparation methods were compared
and confirmed, and the measurements were made with the
best available instruments. Damon et al. reported [1]that “The
age of the shroud is obtained as a.d. 1260–1390, with at least
95% confidence.” However, that date does not agree with observations on the linen-production technology nor the chemistry of fibers obtained directly from the main part of the cloth
in 1978 [2,3]. The 1988 sampling operation was described in
[1]: “The shroud was separated from the backing cloth along
its bottom left-hand edge and a strip (∼10 mm × 70 mm) was
cut from just above the place where a sample was previously
removed in 1973 for examination. The strip came from a single site on the main body of the shroud away from any patches
or charred areas.” Franco Testore, professor of textile technology at the Turin Polytechnic, and Gabriel Vial, curator of
the Ancient Textile Museum, Lyon, France, approved the location of the radiocarbon sample. However, the operation was
done in secrecy, and no chemical investigations were made
at the time to characterize the sample."
και μετα την έρευνα του
"as a major component in the coatings on the Raes and radiocarbon samples is not a surprise, because it has long been
a common vehicle in tempera paints. The radiocarbon sample had been dyed. Dyeing was probably done intentionally
on pristine replacement material to match the color of the
older, sepia-colored cloth. The gum is probably the same
age as the Raes and radiocarbon yarn and should have no
effect on the age determination. In any case, this watersoluble, easily-hydrolyzed gum would have been removed
completely by the cleaning procedures used on the dated samples [1].
The dye found on the radiocarbon sample was not used
in Europe before about a.d. 1291 and was not common
until more than 100 years later [6]. The combined evidence from chemical kinetics, analytical chemistry, cotton
content, and pyrolysis/ms proves that the material from
the radiocarbon area of the shroud is significantly different from that of the main cloth. The radiocarbon sample
was thus not part of the original cloth and is invalid for determining the age of the shroud. Because the storage conditions through the centuries are unknown, a more accurate age determination will require new radiocarbon analyses
with several fully characterized and carefully prepared samples.
A significant amount of charred cellulose was removed
during a restoration of the shroud in 2002 [10]. Material
from different scorch locations across the shroud was saved
in separate containers. The elemental carbon could be completely cleaned in concentrated nitric acid, thus removing all
traces of foreign fibers, sebum from repeated handling, and
adsorbed thymol from an unfortunate procedure to sterilize
the shroud’s reliquary in 1988. In addition, the separate samples would give a “cluster” of dates, always a desirable procedure in archaeology. A new radiocarbon analysis should be
done on the charred material retained from the 2002 restoration."
http://www.sindone.info/ROGERS-3.PDF
κι'απ'τη μελετη των M. SUE BENFORD
JOSEPH G. MARINO
"CONCLUSION
It is impossible to quantify the amount of surface carbon,
other contaminates, and/or intruded newer material in the
radiocarbon sampling area based upon the Quad Mosaic
or other data presented in this paper. Similarly, it is impossible
to determine if either the surface carbon, or the manipulation
it represents, had any impact on the 1988 radiocarbon
dating. However, in light of these new data along with a
recently-posited theory that does not preclude a 1st century
origin for the cloth (32), additional radiocarbon dating
incorporating other areas of the cloth is recommended.
Further, characterization of the remaining C-14, Raes samples
and the Holland cloth to ascertain the presence of cotton,
surface dyes and other restoration substances in accordance
with these findings is warranted."
https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/benfordmarino2008.pdf
to be continued "Shroud of Tourin wars"